Semiconductor materials, such as silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium telluride, are commonly employed in the manufacturing of solar cells. Each material has a specific bandgap that dictates its efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. Silicon, for example, has a bandgap of about 1.1 eV, which allows it to effectively utilize a significant portion of the solar spectrum. However, while silicon-based solar cells dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness, they often operate at efficiencies around 15-22% in real-world conditions.